【英文标准名称】:StandardSpecificationforCarbonSteelForgings,forGeneral-PurposePiping
【原文标准名称】:普通管道用碳素钢锻件的标准规范
【标准号】:ASTMA181/A181M-2001
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2001
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)
【起草单位】:ASTM
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:钢;管;管道
【英文主题词】:Carbonsteels;Forgings;Pipelines;Pipes;Steels
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:H48
【国际标准分类号】:77_140_85
【页数】:3P;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforPresentationFormatofElementalCostEstimates,Summaries,andAnalyses
【原文标准名称】:基本成本估算、概要和分析的表述方式的标准实施规程
【标准号】:ASTME2514-2008
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2008
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E06.81
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:allowances;buildingcostestimate;contingencies;elementalanalysis;elementalestimate;elementalsummary;fieldrequirements;officeoverheadx0026;profit;presentationformat;Costestimate;Elementalanalysis;Fieldreq
【摘要】:Significance:Theapplicationofelements(see3.2.1andTerminologyE833)tothedescriptionandthesummaryandanalysisofbuildingconstructioncostprovidesaconsistency,commonality,andutilitythroughallstagesofdesignthatotherformsofestimatepresentationdonot.Thispracticedescribesasimpleformatforelementalcostanalysispresentationthatisbothvaluableandinformativewhenusedduringthevariousdesignstagesofconstructiondevelopment.Use8212;Usersincludeowners,developers,contractors,costprofessionals,estimators,architects,engineers,quantitysurveyors,facilitymanagers,andothersinvolvedinpropertydevelopment,construction,maintenance,andmanagement.Reporting8212;Costreportsstructuredbyelementsprovideestimates,summaries,andanalysesbyapplyingx201C;CosttoFunction.x201D;Thisapplicationworkswhethertheapproachisx201C;DesigntoCostx201D;orx201C;CosttoDesign.x201D;Valueanalysisisgreatlyassistedthroughtheallocationofestimatedcosttoelements.Controlling8212;Comparisonofprogressivelymoredetailedestimatesissimplifiedwherecostisallocatedtoappropriateelementsregardlessofdesignorspecification,permittingefficientreviewandcheckingofnewestimates.Designestimatingusingelementsallowsforbenchmarkingandthesettingofcostlimits(baseline)forabuildingdesignfromtheoutset,andalsopermitstheestablishmentofanelementalcostplan(see3.2.2).Baselinerecordsandcostplansareaccessedandcomparedwithcurrentreports.Recording8212;Historicandbaselinecostrecordsareeasilykeptforallformsofbuildingconstruction,andinaformatthatcanbeusedfortheplanninganddesignoffutureprojects.OtherUses8212;Elementalsummariesandanalysesareequallyusefulinforensicestimatingandinquantitativeriskanalysis.Relationshiptox201C;Tradex201D;Estimating8212;Traditionaltrade(orconstruction)estimatingsummarizescosttoaproduct,ortradeclassification.Thisisvaluablewhenconstructionworkhasbeenfullyspecifiedorcontracted,butislesssothroughtheplanninganddesignstages.Thetwosystems(tradeandelemental)arecompatibleinthattheybothrelatetothesameendproduct,forexample,abuilding;theydiffersolelyinthewaycostisaggregated.Eachestimateformcanbeconvertedtotheotherbycodingorallocatingeachconstructioncomponenttoanappropriatetrade/productdivisionorelement.Duringdesignevolution,changesindesignandspecificationcanmaketradeestimatesdifficulttocomparewithpreviousorother,orboth,estimatesandsocanhindertheprocessofcostcontrolduringthedesignphase.AdditionalNarrativeInformation8212;Whilecostspresentedintheseformatsaredescriptiveinthemselvestheydonottellthefullstoryofaprojectx2019;sdesign.Narrativedescriptionoftheconstructionworkshouldalsobeanintegralpartofanycompletepresentation.ReferenceanddescriptionofthisnarrativeformcanbefoundinPracticeE1804